Literature Analysis on the Bornean Orangutan ( Pongo Pygmaeus ) Conservation Ecotourism in Tanjung Puting National Park, Waringin Barat City, Central Kalimantan

Purpose : The purpose of the study is to analyze the development of orangutans conservation ecotourism in Tanjung Puting National Park based on previous studies. Research Methods : The methodology used in this study is a literature review approach. Data collection was carried out by collecting data and information in the form of related journals from previous research. Results and Discussion: Synchronization and collaboration between stakeholders is important in improving the management of TPNP and implementing policies so that they are effective and optimal Implication: The dynamics of orangutan conservation are not being implemented according to their natural habitat.


INTRODUCTION
Kotawaringin Barat City is located in the western part of Central Kalimantan Province, with the capital city in Pangkalan Bun. The area of West Kotawaringin Regency is recorded at 10,759 Km2 or 6.2% of the total area of Central Kalimantan Province. The topographical conditions of West Kotawaringin City are classified into 4 (four) parts, namely plains, flat waves, and hilly wave areas. The area of West Kotawaringin City around the Kumai, Arut, and Lamandau rivers is easily inundated, swampy and is a deposit area and is organic and acidic. Areas that provide protection for the area below (protected forest) have a slope score, soil type, rainfall > 175; slope > 40% and altitude > 500 m above sea level. Areas that provide protection below, consist of protected forests, peat and water catchment areas, local protected areas. The diversity of mammal species that exist on large islands such as the island of Borneo. This is based on the island biographical theory which states that the number of species found on an island can be Kalimantan Province. The process of returning orangutans to their habitat is carried out by the Tanjung Puting National Park Office in collaboration with the Central Kalimantan Natural Resources Conservation Agency (KSDA) and the Orangutan Foundation International (OFI). These protected animals came from the community's surrender and the results of the rescue of the Central Kalimantan KSDA team who were entrusted with the Orangutan Care Center and Quarantine OFI in Pangkalan Bun. The released animals have previously been assessed and declared eligible to return to their habitat. If he is able to find and choose the type of feed in nature, is able to build a nest, has no physical defects that make it difficult for him to move, and has been declared healthy through a health test and a PCR test with negative results. In releasing animals, Tanjung Puting National Park believes that it has applied the principles through a one health approach for orangutan conservation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the development of ecotourism based on orangutan conservation in Tanjung Puting National Park based on previous studies.

RESEARCH METHODS
The methodology used in this study is a literature review approach. Data collection in this study was carried out by collecting data and information in the form of related journals from previous research. Researchers review some literature on concept of conservation as tourism development in ecotourism.
This literature review described by Cooper in Creswell (2010) has several objectives, namely to inform readers of the results of other studies that are closely related to the research conducted at that time, to link the research with the existing literature, and to fill gaps in previous studies. Further, the required data in research can be obtained from sources library or document and variables on literature study research is non-standard (Melfianora, 2017).
The analyzed data are secondary data obtained from around literature related to ecotourism. The tools used to search journals or scientific writings are Perish. Perish is software as a helping tool that can be used for free, which makes searching process for articles easier and connected in various publication sites such as Google Scholar and Scopus, so it can provide convenience for researchers in finding articles that can be used as reference material in the literature study.
Furthermore, the collected data is analyzed using the literature review method. researchers conducted data searches through literature reviews starting from April to May 2022. In addition, researchers also use journals, textbooks, government reports and website data that have a period of 10 years as data sources in the literature review of this research. The literature study was focused with the qualification of the selected articles that having a research on the development of conservation-based ecotourism. The literature review conducted in this study is to review the dynamics of ecotourism in Tanjung Puting National Park and the efforts that can be made to maintain the habitat of the orangutan (Pongo Pygmaeus) in Tanjung Puting National Park in Central Kalimantan. Researchers get twenty articles related to the development based conservation ecotourism. Research focus then more adjusted with the dynamics of ecotourism in conservation and the results obtained ten articles related to the research focus analyzed. These articles have a research period of ten years back.  (Sandberg & Alvesson (2011), research gap is problems that have not been thoroughly researched or never been investigated by research previously, and generally used to differentiate between one research and another. The following is added value and research gap that was found from various previous research: Fact, the development of Tanjung Puting National Park conservation also requires the cooperation of non-profit organizations, for example NGO Based on the research gap, in this study the author tries to look at problems related to ecotourism development in Tanjung Puting National Park from a different perspective and make some novelty compared with previous research, such as: Researcher try to see from different perspective of problem that occur ecotourism dynamics of Orang Utan in Tanjung Putting National Park 4.
The development of Tanjung Puting National Park conservation need a good cooperation in all aspect like local community, government, nonprofit organizations, etc The focus of the discussion in this study is about the development of ecotourism based on orangutan conservation in Tanjung Puting National Park in Central Kalimantan. The limitations of this study are based on a literature review and the results reported by previous studies due to limited time and research costs so only the literature review method can be used. Another issue of this research is there are not many studies discuss about conservation-based ecotourism in Indonesia, so it is difficult for researchers to get more data related to this research.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) is an endemic species that is generally can be found in the lowland forest in Indonesia, especially in Kalimantan. Directorate General Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems (KSDAE) noted that in the last 10 years there has been a tendency to decrease the population of the Bornean Orangutan from 0.45-0.76 individuals/Km 2 to 0.13-0.47 individuals/Km 2 . KSDAE also conducted a Population Viability Analysis (PVA) of orangutans with the result that the minimum number of populations that will survive in a habitat is 200 orangutans for a probability of extinction of less than 1% in 100 years and less than 10% in 500 years. It is also known that there are 500 orangutans to maintain the quality and genetic variation. Based on the results analysis of KSDAE, it shows that the threat to Orangutan sustainability is increasing as a result of degradation and fragmentation rate of Orangutan habitat forest due to forest conversion outside forestry functions such as plantations, and industry development. Orangutan life is very dependent on forest conditions and as primates Orangutans need fruit as their main food source. However, Orangutan habitat is increasingly threatened, and it causing the Orangutan population to decrease. With this continuous forest degradation condition, it is possible that one day Orangutans will become the first ape species to become extinct from the wild (Kuswanda, 2014). Besides, to the conversion of forest land into plantations, threats to the survival of Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) population also occur due to poaching. The surrounding community considers Orangutans to be pests that must be exterminated, even this condition is getting worse since many Orangutans baby are traded illegally. In fact, Orangutans are animals that are protected by National Law based on UU 5, year 1990 concerning Conservation of Biological Natural Resources and Their Ecosystems. In CITES (2021) the status of Orangutans is Appendix I, which means that they are endangered species that are protected and should not be hunted or traded. Conflicts between orangutans and humans by hunting activities have caused the decline of Orangutans for 25 percent in the last 10 years (Parayogi et al., 2014). With the destruction of the orangutan's natural habitat, this condition forces the orangutans to enter residential areas. Stress arising from the lack of food, drink and the lack of comfortable shelters forced Orangutans to carry out biological invasions by entering residential areas. Habitat modification and infrastructure development that occur in the original environment without paying attention to the survival of the species provide opportunities for the species of the area to carry out biological invasions into the surrounding area (Ballantyne & Packer, 2013). Furthermore, according to Ballantyne & Packer (2013), prevention of biological invasion of species can be done through the selection of good risk management strategies, for example through periodic monitoring of important species in protected areas and conservation areas. Tanjung Puting National Park (TNTP) as one of the locations for conservation and research of Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). It is an alternative for conserving the habitat of Orangutans and other endangered species, especially in Kalimantan.
Moreover, the conservation building design model also affects the adaptation of the Bornean orangutan habitat. Purwadita, et al. (2021) in their research find that consideration of correlation between good anthropometry and building functions will save more orangutans abandoned by using an ecological approach as well make this facility closer to nature both meaning and function. The functional design of the medical area circulation makes it easy for the circulation flow to rescue orangutans that need help. Supporting facilities that are quite complete also help in the recovery process. In addition, the location far from human areas is very influential in accelerating the rehabilitation process for orangutans being cared for.
In addition, the habitat suitability model of the Bornean Orangutan is very much needed as a basis for orangutan habitat management. The existence of information on habitat suitability models can be used as basic data in conservation management and as a basis for taking further steps to protect the habitat of the Bornean orangutan. From the research conducted by Fitriana (2021), it is known that the construction of spatial models of the habitat suitability of the Bornean Orangutan is carried out by analyzing the assessment of the Life Requisites of the Bornean Orangutan on habitat factors and disturbance factors. Habitat factors used are water availability which is represented by river distance and NDVI (Normalization Difference Vegetation Index), while the disturbance factors come from human activities which are identified by distance from the road and distance from the village. The results showed that the Bornean Orangutan Habitat had a high habitat suitability with the acceptable Bornean Orangutan habitat model.
Hall (2007) in Ballantyne & Packer (2013) states that biodiversity conservation is an integral part of the continuity of ecotourism. Milgrath (1989) argues that humans have the value of being able to maintain survival that has naturally evolved into certain concerns and values for others. Sustainable development by prioritizing the balance between economic, social and ecological systems makes it very relevant to the tourism industry. McCool (1985) believe that in order for sustainable tourism to succeed, humans should consider the following: 1. How tourists assess and use the natural environment; 2. How society is improved through tourism; 3. Identify the social and ecological impact of tourism; 4. Management of these impacts.
Consulting and Audit Canada (1995) in Fennell, (2015) developed guidelines for the development of core indicators and site-specific indicators of sustainable ecotourism as follows:  Canada, 1995] According to WWF, the Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) is currently listed as Critically Endangered species based on IUCN Red List, with estimated total population are 57.350 individuals which spread across Indonesia and Malaysia. So to preserve the orangutan population, the establishment of Tanjung Puting National Park as an orangutan conservation center is important. Ecotourism concept conservation areas, especially in National parks is doing management National Parks for action-based use of nature tourism conservation. It is hoped that through ecotourism development in the National Park, not only has an economic impact improvement for the community and area but also at the same time carry out conservation missions (Hastari & Girsang, 2020). In the core stress indicator, the tourist number is still in a suitable condition, as shown in the table below: With the number of tourists compared to the area of West Kotawaringin City, especially Tanjung Puting National Park, the number of tourists who come is still in good levels and the presence of tourists is expected not to put pressure or stress on orangutans.
The other core ecotourism indicator is social Impact. The socio-economic aspects of the community around the ecotourism location will impact on the existence of community-based ecotourism, as well as Tanjung Puting National Park. The impact of tourism development in Tanjung Puting National Park on social aspect is high, such as improving community living standards by creating new jobs and increasing community's income in Kumai Hulu Village, West Kotawaringin City (Agustina & Itta, 2021). From research It is known that the social impact of Tanjung Puting National Park has a positive impact on the level of cooperation between residents locally by forming the Kumai Klotok (boat) Tour Association and Indonesia Tour Guide Association. The vision and the mission of this association is to prosper community and tourism klotok business in Kumai Ecotourism is a responsible tourism journey of natural sustainability and well-being local community. In addition of ecotourism indicator, tourism contribution to local economy has also make positive impact to improve economic of society. The economic impact is felt by communities around ecotourism areas with community-based ecotourism (Emma & Rina, 2014). Positive impact from the economic aspect with the existence of Tanjung Puting National Park, namely increasing local standard of living and income for community, create many new jobs for the local community, indirectly increase community skills in economic aspects and help the local community in the local infrastructure. Agustina & Itta (2021) also state in their research that tourism development in Tanjung Puting National Park also provide business opportunities for the surrounding community, by opening small souvenirs shop and groceries shop.
Public local also can take part in terms of participation starting from planning activities to implementation, is also used for evaluation (Andayani et al., 2017). This statements that community involvement participation in ecotourism is expected to make changes for environment and ecology aspects, such as awareness community on local hygiene. Community can also take part in the preservation of natural beauty in Tanjung Puting National Park. Tourism activities are not exploitative, but only exploratory, people can enjoy the beauty of nature without destroying conservation area. This is the value added from the existence of ecotourism which based on conservation like a National Park (Supriyanto & Sari, 2013). In research analysis by (Hastari & Girsang (2020), participation rate for conservation effort in Tanjung Puting National Park by ecotourism community has quite well done, namely the existence of an understanding of conservation such as no make noise at the feeding location, no littering and taking forest resources and get involve in ecotourism activities. Enhanced conservation campaigns through ecotourism is important, same like the education about conservation for ecotourism communities.
In addition to the local public, tourists who come to Tanjung Puting National Park also have a role in increasing ecotourism in the area. Setiawan (2015) in his research, found that the Tanjung Puting National Park market public has an ecotourism factor with a high awareness of environmental concerns, including the threat of climate change. Tourists who come have high ethics towards nature and local culture. They realize that climate change is a serious challenge and requires real action. Multiple adaptation programs are made by tourist, such as fundraising program to conservation of orangutans and their habitat, encourage the manager to do some innovation and technology improvisation of Klotok (boat) so it will not make any loud noise, and also limit the number of visitors so as to protect tourism resource. Changes in social aspect of ecotourism are expected to create communities work together to develop ecotourism in Tanjung Puting National Park (Agustina & Itta, 2021) But not all Tanjung Putting National Park potential can be developed as one of the potential investment. One of the barriers is the limitation of funds and Government resources in developing this sector. Parayogi et al. (2014) in their research find that very large cost needed for the development of Tanjung Puting National Park become the main obstacle for the government of West Kotawaringin City. Government and private partnership emerges for cooperation in investment of Tanjung Puting National Park tourism area development. From the result analysis of feasibility calculation results investment, noted that this investment is worth to invest, through at worst condition. This Government and Private Sector cooperation in ecotourism development of Tanjung Puting National Park can be used in all local development aspect. The success of Tanjung Puting National Park ecotourism is of course the shared responsibility of all parties involved (government, local public, community, private sector, and market tourism) In reality today, Tanjung Puting National Park does not meet the criteria for a biosphere reserve. Land use around the National park tends to develop activities that are not in accordance with the function National Park Conservation (Syaodih, 2012). Physically, every biosphere reserve must consist of three elements, namely: first core zone, which is a protected area for biodiversity conservation, monitoring disturbed ecosystems, and conducting research activities non-destructive and other low-impact activities (such as education); the two buffer zones surrounding or adjacent to the core zone, and utilized for cooperative activities that are not mutually ecology, including environmental education, recreation, ecotourism and applied research and base; and the three transition zones, or transition zones, which can contain activities agriculture, settlement and other land uses. In the transition zone of society, research institutions, NGOs, indigenous peoples and other stakeholders can work together to manage and develop resources in a sustainable manner (UNESCO). To avoid further damage, intervention is needed in the form of Tanjung Puting National Park spatial planning policy and its buffer zone according to the characteristics of the area as a National Strategic Area (KSN) with an angle of interest in the function and carrying capacity of the environment.

CONCLUSION
The condition of ecotourism based on orangutan conservation in Tanjung Puting National Park (TPNP) is very potential to be developed because the area has lots of interesting spots with natural scenery typical of lowland forests, and animals that are easy to find, one of which is the Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) became the main attraction for tourists. However, the life of orangutans is strongly dependent on forest conditions where the orangutan habitat is increasingly threatened, caused the orangutan population is being reduced. One of the obstacles in developing the potential of Tanjung Puting National Park is the limited funds and government resources in managing and developing sustainable ecotourism in Tanjung Puting National Park in Central Kalimantan.
The orangutan population is currently experiencing a significant decline. The threat to this population is because their habitat is decreasing due to irresponsible human activities such as destroying forests, changing the function of forest land into community plantations, forest fires and also land exploitation so that orangutans really need to be preserved.
In the final results, there are 14 indicators of sustainable ecotourism locations that have the opportunity to be developed in conservation-based ecotourism, namely: site protection, stress, use intensity, social impact, development control, waste management, planning process, critical ecosystems, consumer satisfication, local satisfication, tourism contribution to local economy, carrying capacity, site stress, attractivity.
It is important to pursue synchronization and cooperation between stakeholders in improving the management of Tanjung Puting National Park in an integrated and professional manner, as well as implementing policies so that they are effective and optimal. In this case, the regional government must apply strict sanctions against environmental and ecosystem destruction, conduct socialization and education to the community about licensing and utilization of forest resources, and continue to firmly ensure the boundaries of orangutan conservation forest zone with community gardens so that there is no animal conflict that results in the disruption of the orangutans habitat.
In addition, the development of ecotourism in Tanjung Puting National Park also requires significant financial investment. Therefore, a framework for cooperation between the government and the private sector is needed; in this case, investors, to cooperate in investing in sustainable ecotourism development in Tanjung Puting National Park in Central Kalimantan.
Local governments should be expected to be able to manage and implement policies that are balanced between the economy, the environment and society-In order to development of ecotourism based on orangutan conservation to be successful, it requires cooperation of all stakeholders directly involved, both managers and employees, local government and local communities.